Effects of prosthetic treatment for shortened dental arches on oral health‐related quality of life, self‐reports of pain and jaw disability: results from the pilot‐phase of a randomized multicentre trial
Identifieur interne : 007517 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 007516; suivant : 007518Effects of prosthetic treatment for shortened dental arches on oral health‐related quality of life, self‐reports of pain and jaw disability: results from the pilot‐phase of a randomized multicentre trial
Auteurs : S. Wolfart ; G. Heydecke ; R. G. Luthardt ; B. Marré ; W. B. Freesmeyer [Allemagne] ; H. Stark [Allemagne] ; B. Wöstmann ; T. Mundt ; P. Pospiech ; F. Jahn ; I. Gitt ; M. Sch Dler ; H. Aggstaller [Allemagne] ; F. Talebpur ; E. Busche ; M. Bell [Allemagne]Source :
- Journal of Oral Rehabilitation [ 0305-182X ] ; 2005-11.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Algie faciale (), Arcade dentaire (anatomopathologie), Femelle, Humains, Mâchoire partiellement édentée (), Mâchoire partiellement édentée (anatomopathologie), Mâle, Occlusion dentaire, Profil d'impact de la maladie, Projets pilotes, Prothèse dentaire partielle amovible, Prémolaire, Qualité de vie, Résultat thérapeutique, Statistique non paramétrique, Sujet âgé, Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire (), Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire (anatomopathologie), Études de suivi.
- MESH :
- anatomopathologie : Arcade dentaire, Mâchoire partiellement édentée, Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire.
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Algie faciale, Femelle, Humains, Mâchoire partiellement édentée, Mâle, Occlusion dentaire, Profil d'impact de la maladie, Projets pilotes, Prothèse dentaire partielle amovible, Prémolaire, Qualité de vie, Résultat thérapeutique, Statistique non paramétrique, Sujet âgé, Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire, Études de suivi.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- 6wks, Abutment teeth, Adverse effects, Aged, Anterior teeth, Basic validation, Bicuspid, Biostatistics unit, Blackwell publishing, Clinical trial, Clinical trials, Community dent, Complete dentures, Current data, Dent, Dental Arch (pathology), Dental Occlusion, Dental arch, Dental arches, Denture, Denture group, Denture, Partial, Removable, Disability checklist, Dtsch zahnarztl, Facial Pain (prevention & control), Female, Follow-Up Studies, German version, Humans, Implant, Inclusion criteria, Invalid ohip forms, Jaw, Edentulous, Partially (pathology), Jaw, Edentulous, Partially (therapy), Main study, Male, Median, Middle Aged, Molar, Molar replacement, Occlusion, Ohip, Ohip form, Ohip forms, Ohip questionnaire, Ohqol, Oral health impact, Oral health status, Oral quality, Oral rehabilitation, Orofac pain, Outcome measure, Partial denture, Partial dentures, Participant, Patients randomized, Permuted blocks, Physical symptoms, Pilot Projects, Pilot phase, Pilot study, Posterior teeth, Power calculation, Precision attachments, Premolar, Premolar occlusion, Proc, Proc group, Prosthet dent, Prosthetic, Prosthodontics, Quality of Life, Randomization, Randomized, Rank test, Sample size, Schweiz monatsschr zahnmed, Second premolar, Sickness Impact Profile, Sociodemographic information, Statistics, Nonparametric, Study population, Temporomandibular, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (pathology), Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (prevention & control), Temporomandibular disorders, Therapy concepts, Therapy forms, Therapy groups, Treatment Outcome, Treatment group, Treatment groups, Treatment options, Various stages, Verkurzten zahnreihe, Wilcoxon rank.
- MESH :
- pathology : Dental Arch, Jaw, Edentulous, Partially, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders.
- prevention & control : Facial Pain, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders.
- therapy : Jaw, Edentulous, Partially.
- Teeft :
- 6wks, Abutment teeth, Adverse effects, Aged, Anterior teeth, Basic validation, Bicuspid, Biostatistics unit, Blackwell publishing, Clinical trial, Clinical trials, Community dent, Complete dentures, Current data, Dent, Dental Occlusion, Dental arch, Dental arches, Denture, Denture group, Denture, Partial, Removable, Disability checklist, Dtsch zahnarztl, Female, Follow-Up Studies, German version, Humans, Implant, Inclusion criteria, Invalid ohip forms, Main study, Male, Median, Middle Aged, Molar, Molar replacement, Occlusion, Ohip, Ohip form, Ohip forms, Ohip questionnaire, Ohqol, Oral health impact, Oral health status, Oral quality, Oral rehabilitation, Orofac pain, Outcome measure, Partial denture, Partial dentures, Participant, Patients randomized, Permuted blocks, Physical symptoms, Pilot Projects, Pilot phase, Pilot study, Posterior teeth, Power calculation, Precision attachments, Premolar, Premolar occlusion, Proc, Proc group, Prosthet dent, Prosthetic, Prosthodontics, Quality of Life, Randomization, Randomized, Rank test, Sample size, Schweiz monatsschr zahnmed, Second premolar, Sickness Impact Profile, Sociodemographic information, Statistics, Nonparametric, Study population, Temporomandibular, Temporomandibular disorders, Therapy concepts, Therapy forms, Therapy groups, Treatment Outcome, Treatment group, Treatment groups, Treatment options, Various stages, Verkurzten zahnreihe, Wilcoxon rank.
Abstract
abstract A multi‐centre randomized clinical trial is under way at 14 university dental schools in Germany to compare prosthodontic treatments for the shortened dental arch (SDA). One of the aims of this pilot‐study was to measure the effect of two treatment options of the SDA on oral health‐related quality of life and on the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Thirty‐four patients participated in the pilot‐study. Inclusion criteria were: all molars were missing and the presence of at least both canines and one premolar in each quadrant. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either removable partial dentures including molar replacement (RPD_group) or retain a premolar occlusion (PROC_group). The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐49) and the RDC for TMD were completed by participants before treatment (pre‐treatment), 6 weeks (6wks), 6 months (6m) and 12 months (12m) after treatment. At the 12‐month follow up, data of 10 women and 11 men (mean age: 62 ± 10 years) were available. Medians of the OHIP total‐scores were as follows: RPD (n = 10), 43·5 (pre‐treatment), 18·2 (6wks), 13·3 (6m), 14·7 (12m). PROC (n = 11): 31·8 (pre‐treatment), 27·1 (6wks), 8·8 (6m), 8·3 (12m). Significant differences were shown for RPD_group between pre‐treatment and 6m/12m and for PROC_group between pre‐treatment and 6m. There were no significant differences between treatment groups at any time. Within each group, an improvement of life‐quality was observed. No significant difference could be reported between the two therapy concepts. This may be due to the low sample size within the pilot study.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01522.x
Affiliations:
- Allemagne
- Bavière, Berlin, District de Basse-Franconie, District de Cologne, District de Haute-Bavière, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie
- Berlin, Bonn, Munich, Wurtzbourg
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Wolfart</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Kiel</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heydecke, G" sort="Heydecke, G" uniqKey="Heydecke G" first="G." last="Heydecke">G. Heydecke</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Freiburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luthardt, R G" sort="Luthardt, R G" uniqKey="Luthardt R" first="R. G." last="Luthardt">R. G. Luthardt</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Dresden</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marre, B" sort="Marre, B" uniqKey="Marre B" first="B." last="Marré">B. Marré</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Dresden</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freesmeyer, W B" sort="Freesmeyer, W B" uniqKey="Freesmeyer W" first="W. B." last="Freesmeyer">W. B. Freesmeyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Berlin</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Restorative Dentistry, Charité– Campus Benjamin Franklin</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stark, H" sort="Stark, H" uniqKey="Stark H" first="H." last="Stark">H. Stark</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Prosthodontics, Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wostmann, B" sort="Wostmann, B" uniqKey="Wostmann B" first="B." last="Wöstmann">B. Wöstmann</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Giessen</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mundt, T" sort="Mundt, T" uniqKey="Mundt T" first="T." last="Mundt">T. Mundt</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Greifswald</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pospiech, P" sort="Pospiech, P" uniqKey="Pospiech P" first="P." last="Pospiech">P. Pospiech</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Homburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahn, F" sort="Jahn, F" uniqKey="Jahn F" first="F." last="Jahn">F. Jahn</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Jena</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gitt, I" sort="Gitt, I" uniqKey="Gitt I" first="I." last="Gitt">I. Gitt</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Leipzig</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sch Dler, M" sort="Sch Dler, M" uniqKey="Sch Dler M" first="M." last="Sch Dler">M. Sch Dler</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Mainz</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aggstaller, H" sort="Aggstaller, H" uniqKey="Aggstaller H" first="H." last="Aggstaller">H. Aggstaller</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region></placeName><wicri:orgArea>Department of Prosthodontics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität</wicri:orgArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talebpur, F" sort="Talebpur, F" uniqKey="Talebpur F" first="F." last="Talebpur">F. Talebpur</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Münster</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Busche, E" sort="Busche, E" uniqKey="Busche E" first="E." last="Busche">E. Busche</name><affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Witten</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, M" sort="Bell, M" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M." last="Bell">M. Bell</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Prosthodontics, Bayrische Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität, Würzburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Basse-Franconie</region><settlement type="city">Wurtzbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Oral Rehabilitation</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL ORAL REHABILITATION</title><idno type="ISSN">0305-182X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2842</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">32</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="815">815</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="822">822</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2005-11">2005-11</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0305-182X</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0305-182X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>6wks</term><term>Abutment teeth</term><term>Adverse effects</term><term>Aged</term><term>Anterior teeth</term><term>Basic validation</term><term>Bicuspid</term><term>Biostatistics unit</term><term>Blackwell publishing</term><term>Clinical trial</term><term>Clinical trials</term><term>Community dent</term><term>Complete dentures</term><term>Current data</term><term>Dent</term><term>Dental Arch (pathology)</term><term>Dental Occlusion</term><term>Dental arch</term><term>Dental arches</term><term>Denture</term><term>Denture group</term><term>Denture, Partial, Removable</term><term>Disability checklist</term><term>Dtsch zahnarztl</term><term>Facial Pain (prevention & control)</term><term>Female</term><term>Follow-Up Studies</term><term>German version</term><term>Humans</term><term>Implant</term><term>Inclusion criteria</term><term>Invalid ohip forms</term><term>Jaw, Edentulous, Partially (pathology)</term><term>Jaw, Edentulous, Partially (therapy)</term><term>Main study</term><term>Male</term><term>Median</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Molar</term><term>Molar replacement</term><term>Occlusion</term><term>Ohip</term><term>Ohip form</term><term>Ohip forms</term><term>Ohip questionnaire</term><term>Ohqol</term><term>Oral health impact</term><term>Oral health status</term><term>Oral quality</term><term>Oral rehabilitation</term><term>Orofac pain</term><term>Outcome measure</term><term>Partial denture</term><term>Partial dentures</term><term>Participant</term><term>Patients randomized</term><term>Permuted blocks</term><term>Physical symptoms</term><term>Pilot Projects</term><term>Pilot phase</term><term>Pilot study</term><term>Posterior teeth</term><term>Power calculation</term><term>Precision attachments</term><term>Premolar</term><term>Premolar occlusion</term><term>Proc</term><term>Proc group</term><term>Prosthet dent</term><term>Prosthetic</term><term>Prosthodontics</term><term>Quality of Life</term><term>Randomization</term><term>Randomized</term><term>Rank test</term><term>Sample size</term><term>Schweiz monatsschr zahnmed</term><term>Second premolar</term><term>Sickness Impact Profile</term><term>Sociodemographic information</term><term>Statistics, Nonparametric</term><term>Study population</term><term>Temporomandibular</term><term>Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (pathology)</term><term>Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (prevention & control)</term><term>Temporomandibular disorders</term><term>Therapy concepts</term><term>Therapy forms</term><term>Therapy groups</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term><term>Treatment group</term><term>Treatment groups</term><term>Treatment options</term><term>Various stages</term><term>Verkurzten zahnreihe</term><term>Wilcoxon rank</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Algie faciale ()</term><term>Arcade dentaire (anatomopathologie)</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâchoire partiellement édentée ()</term><term>Mâchoire partiellement édentée (anatomopathologie)</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Occlusion dentaire</term><term>Profil d'impact de la maladie</term><term>Projets pilotes</term><term>Prothèse dentaire partielle amovible</term><term>Prémolaire</term><term>Qualité de vie</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique</term><term>Statistique non paramétrique</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire ()</term><term>Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire (anatomopathologie)</term><term>Études de suivi</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Arcade dentaire</term><term>Mâchoire partiellement édentée</term><term>Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Dental Arch</term><term>Jaw, Edentulous, Partially</term><term>Temporomandibular Joint Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="prevention & control" xml:lang="en"><term>Facial Pain</term><term>Temporomandibular Joint Disorders</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Jaw, Edentulous, Partially</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>6wks</term><term>Abutment teeth</term><term>Adverse effects</term><term>Aged</term><term>Anterior teeth</term><term>Basic validation</term><term>Bicuspid</term><term>Biostatistics unit</term><term>Blackwell publishing</term><term>Clinical trial</term><term>Clinical trials</term><term>Community dent</term><term>Complete dentures</term><term>Current data</term><term>Dent</term><term>Dental Occlusion</term><term>Dental arch</term><term>Dental arches</term><term>Denture</term><term>Denture group</term><term>Denture, Partial, Removable</term><term>Disability checklist</term><term>Dtsch zahnarztl</term><term>Female</term><term>Follow-Up Studies</term><term>German version</term><term>Humans</term><term>Implant</term><term>Inclusion criteria</term><term>Invalid ohip forms</term><term>Main study</term><term>Male</term><term>Median</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Molar</term><term>Molar replacement</term><term>Occlusion</term><term>Ohip</term><term>Ohip form</term><term>Ohip forms</term><term>Ohip questionnaire</term><term>Ohqol</term><term>Oral health impact</term><term>Oral health status</term><term>Oral quality</term><term>Oral rehabilitation</term><term>Orofac pain</term><term>Outcome measure</term><term>Partial denture</term><term>Partial dentures</term><term>Participant</term><term>Patients randomized</term><term>Permuted blocks</term><term>Physical symptoms</term><term>Pilot Projects</term><term>Pilot phase</term><term>Pilot study</term><term>Posterior teeth</term><term>Power calculation</term><term>Precision attachments</term><term>Premolar</term><term>Premolar occlusion</term><term>Proc</term><term>Proc group</term><term>Prosthet dent</term><term>Prosthetic</term><term>Prosthodontics</term><term>Quality of Life</term><term>Randomization</term><term>Randomized</term><term>Rank test</term><term>Sample size</term><term>Schweiz monatsschr zahnmed</term><term>Second premolar</term><term>Sickness Impact Profile</term><term>Sociodemographic information</term><term>Statistics, Nonparametric</term><term>Study population</term><term>Temporomandibular</term><term>Temporomandibular disorders</term><term>Therapy concepts</term><term>Therapy forms</term><term>Therapy groups</term><term>Treatment Outcome</term><term>Treatment group</term><term>Treatment groups</term><term>Treatment options</term><term>Various stages</term><term>Verkurzten zahnreihe</term><term>Wilcoxon rank</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term><term>Algie faciale</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâchoire partiellement édentée</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Occlusion dentaire</term><term>Profil d'impact de la maladie</term><term>Projets pilotes</term><term>Prothèse dentaire partielle amovible</term><term>Prémolaire</term><term>Qualité de vie</term><term>Résultat thérapeutique</term><term>Statistique non paramétrique</term><term>Sujet âgé</term><term>Troubles de l'articulation temporomandibulaire</term><term>Études de suivi</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">abstract A multi‐centre randomized clinical trial is under way at 14 university dental schools in Germany to compare prosthodontic treatments for the shortened dental arch (SDA). One of the aims of this pilot‐study was to measure the effect of two treatment options of the SDA on oral health‐related quality of life and on the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Thirty‐four patients participated in the pilot‐study. Inclusion criteria were: all molars were missing and the presence of at least both canines and one premolar in each quadrant. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either removable partial dentures including molar replacement (RPD_group) or retain a premolar occlusion (PROC_group). The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐49) and the RDC for TMD were completed by participants before treatment (pre‐treatment), 6 weeks (6wks), 6 months (6m) and 12 months (12m) after treatment. At the 12‐month follow up, data of 10 women and 11 men (mean age: 62 ± 10 years) were available. Medians of the OHIP total‐scores were as follows: RPD (n = 10), 43·5 (pre‐treatment), 18·2 (6wks), 13·3 (6m), 14·7 (12m). PROC (n = 11): 31·8 (pre‐treatment), 27·1 (6wks), 8·8 (6m), 8·3 (12m). Significant differences were shown for RPD_group between pre‐treatment and 6m/12m and for PROC_group between pre‐treatment and 6m. There were no significant differences between treatment groups at any time. Within each group, an improvement of life‐quality was observed. No significant difference could be reported between the two therapy concepts. This may be due to the low sample size within the pilot study.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li></country><region><li>Bavière</li><li>Berlin</li><li>District de Basse-Franconie</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li></region><settlement><li>Berlin</li><li>Bonn</li><li>Munich</li><li>Wurtzbourg</li></settlement></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Busche, E" sort="Busche, E" uniqKey="Busche E" first="E." last="Busche">E. Busche</name><name sortKey="Gitt, I" sort="Gitt, I" uniqKey="Gitt I" first="I." last="Gitt">I. Gitt</name><name sortKey="Heydecke, G" sort="Heydecke, G" uniqKey="Heydecke G" first="G." last="Heydecke">G. Heydecke</name><name sortKey="Jahn, F" sort="Jahn, F" uniqKey="Jahn F" first="F." last="Jahn">F. Jahn</name><name sortKey="Luthardt, R G" sort="Luthardt, R G" uniqKey="Luthardt R" first="R. G." last="Luthardt">R. G. Luthardt</name><name sortKey="Marre, B" sort="Marre, B" uniqKey="Marre B" first="B." last="Marré">B. Marré</name><name sortKey="Mundt, T" sort="Mundt, T" uniqKey="Mundt T" first="T." last="Mundt">T. Mundt</name><name sortKey="Pospiech, P" sort="Pospiech, P" uniqKey="Pospiech P" first="P." last="Pospiech">P. Pospiech</name><name sortKey="Sch Dler, M" sort="Sch Dler, M" uniqKey="Sch Dler M" first="M." last="Sch Dler">M. Sch Dler</name><name sortKey="Talebpur, F" sort="Talebpur, F" uniqKey="Talebpur F" first="F." last="Talebpur">F. Talebpur</name><name sortKey="Wolfart, S" sort="Wolfart, S" uniqKey="Wolfart S" first="S." last="Wolfart">S. Wolfart</name><name sortKey="Wostmann, B" sort="Wostmann, B" uniqKey="Wostmann B" first="B." last="Wöstmann">B. Wöstmann</name></noCountry><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Berlin"><name sortKey="Freesmeyer, W B" sort="Freesmeyer, W B" uniqKey="Freesmeyer W" first="W. B." last="Freesmeyer">W. B. Freesmeyer</name></region><name sortKey="Aggstaller, H" sort="Aggstaller, H" uniqKey="Aggstaller H" first="H." last="Aggstaller">H. Aggstaller</name><name sortKey="Bell, M" sort="Bell, M" uniqKey="Bell M" first="M." last="Bell">M. Bell</name><name sortKey="Stark, H" sort="Stark, H" uniqKey="Stark H" first="H." last="Stark">H. Stark</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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